Q1. What is the passage mainly about?

1. AWhy English is the hardest subject
2. BA new understanding of giving up and how to overcome it
3. CHow to become a psychologist
4. DWhy failing is always good

学習性無力感の考え方が変わったことと、そこから抜け出す方法がテーマなので B。

Q2. What did the researchers say in 2016?

1. AHelplessness is learned from many failures.
2. BPeople cannot change their feelings.
3. CGiving up is a natural first reaction, and we learn a sense of control.
4. DEnglish cannot be learned after age 20.

Giving up is the brain's natural first reaction. What we learn is the feeling "I can control this." とあるので C。

Q3. In this passage, "giving up" means ...

1. Astopping trying
2. Bhelping others
3. Cstudying harder
4. Dmaking a plan

give up は「あきらめる」＝努力するのをやめること。正解は A。

Q1. What did Maier and Seligman conclude in 2016?

1. AHelplessness is learned from repeated failure.
2. BBrain research does not help us understand behavior.
3. COnly children feel helpless.
4. DBeing passive is the default, and a sense of control is what we learn.

becoming passive in a bad situation is the brain's default reaction. What we actually learn is a sense of control. とあるので D。

Q2. In the 1973 study, which children kept trying after failure?

1. AThose who blamed their ability
2. BThose who blamed a lack of effort
3. CThose who never failed
4. DThose who were older

those who blamed failure on a lack of effort kept trying とあるので B。

Q3. What can we infer from the passage?

1. ATalent is the only thing that decides success in English.
2. BLearners should avoid any difficult tasks forever.
3. CSeeing failure as something you can change may help you keep learning.
4. DSmall successes are not important.

努力（変えられる原因）のせいにした子は粘り強かったので、失敗を変えられるものとみなすことが学び続ける助けになると推測できる。正解は C。

Q1. What is the main point of the passage?

1. AThe understanding of learned helplessness has changed, and a sense of control appears to be key.
2. BDogs learn English better than humans.
3. CHelplessness cannot be overcome.
4. DJapanese students are less motivated than other students.

学習性無力感の理論が逆転し、コントロール感が鍵だとする内容が中心なので A。

Q2. According to the 2016 paper, what is learned?

1. AThat one's actions are useless
2. BHow to escape from shocks
3. CThat passivity is always correct
4. DThe presence of control

what is learned is the presence of control とあるので D。

Q3. Why does the author say applying the findings directly to classrooms "goes beyond the data"?

1. ABecause Japanese students were not studied at all
2. BBecause the survey was cross-sectional and the neuroscience comes mainly from animals
3. CBecause Dweck's study used only adults
4. DBecause the 2016 paper was never published

that survey was cross-sectional, and the neuroscience comes mainly from animal studies とあるので B。