Q1. What is the passage mainly about?

1. AHow to get good grades in math
2. BHow different reasons for studying English are linked to grades
3. CWhy parents get angry at children
4. DHow to write 74 research papers

勉強する理由（楽しいから・こわいから）と成績の関係を74本の研究で調べた話なので B。

Q2. Which students tended to get better grades?

1. AStudents who were afraid of their teachers
2. BStudents who studied to avoid shame
3. CStudents who enjoyed English or saw it as important
4. DStudents who studied only before tests

Students who enjoyed English, or thought it was important for their own goals, tended to get better grades. とあるので C。

Q3. In this passage, "avoid" means ...

1. Ato stay away from
2. Bto look for
3. Cto enjoy
4. Dto remember

avoid trouble or shame は「怒られることや恥を避ける」。avoid は「避ける」なので A。

Q1. What did the researchers want to find out?

1. AWhether the type of motivation is linked to language achievement
2. BHow many hours learners study each day
3. CWhich language is the easiest to learn
4. DWhether rewards make students happier

They wanted to know whether each type of motivation relates to achievement in the same way. とあり、やる気の種類と成績の関係を調べたので A。

Q2. Which type of motivation showed the strongest link with achievement?

1. AStudying to avoid punishment
2. BStudying because of guilt
3. CStudying because the language is fun
4. DStudying for rewards

Learners who studied because they found the language fun showed the strongest link とあるので C。

Q3. What can we infer from the passage?

1. APressure from others always makes grades go up.
2. BMotivation that learners choose for themselves seems more useful than pressure.
3. CGuilt is the best reason to study a language.
4. DOnly the amount of motivation matters.

自分で選んだ理由（楽しい・大事・自分らしさ）は成績と関係し、ご褒美・罰・罪悪感はほぼ無関係だったと述べているので B。

Q1. What is the main point of the passage?

1. ARewards are the best way to motivate language learners.
2. BSelf-chosen reasons for learning were linked to achievement, while pressure-based reasons were not.
3. CJapanese students are less motivated than Chinese students.
4. DQuestionnaires are useless for measuring motivation.

楽しさ・自分らしさ・自分の目標は成績と関係し、罪悪感やご褒美・罰のプレッシャーはゼロに近かったと述べているので B。D はアンケートが「テストの点数を予測しにくい」とあるだけで「役に立たない」とは言っていない。

Q2. According to the passage, which correlation was about 0.32?

1. ABetween guilt and achievement
2. BBetween rewards and achievement
3. CBetween enjoyment and achievement
4. DBetween identity and planned effort

Enjoyment of the language had the strongest correlation with achievement, at about 0.32. とあるので C。

Q3. Why does the author say the direction of the effect cannot be settled?

1. ABecause the studies only measured relationships, so good results might create enjoyment
2. BBecause the researchers used too few studies
3. CBecause the learners did not take any tests
4. DBecause guilt and rewards had the same correlation

Because the data are correlational のあとに「すでに成績のよい学習者が楽しむようになるのかもしれない」とあり、逆向きの可能性を示しているので A。