Q1. What is the passage mainly about?

1. AHow to train any dog to sit
2. BWhy dogs like to play with toys
3. CSome special dogs learn words by listening to people talk
4. DHow children choose their toys

特別な犬が、人の会話を聞くだけで新しいおもちゃの名前を覚えたという内容なので C。

Q2. How many dogs brought the right toy?

1. ATwo
2. BFive
3. CTen
4. DSeven

Seven of the ten dogs brought the right one. とあるので D。10は調べた犬の数。

Q3. In this passage, "rare" means ...

1. Anot common
2. Bvery big
3. Cvery young
4. Dnot friendly

rare は「珍しい・まれな」。こうした犬はめったにいないという意味なので A。ステーキの焼き方の rare とは別の意味。

Q1. What makes gifted word learners special?

1. AThey can understand every human sentence.
2. BThey know the names of many toys.
3. CThey can speak a few human words.
4. DThey can learn only action words.

know the names of dozens or even hundreds of toys とあるので B。動作の言葉しか覚えないのはふつうの犬。

Q2. In the overhearing condition, what did the owners do?

1. AThey talked about the toy with someone else without speaking to the dog.
2. BThey gave the dog food every time they said the name.
3. CThey showed the toy to the dog and said its name.
4. DThey left the dog alone with the toy.

the owners talked about the toy with someone else without speaking to the dog とあるので A。C は直接教える条件。

Q3. What can we infer from the passage?

1. ADirect teaching was much more effective than overhearing.
2. BNone of the dogs learned anything new.
3. CAll dogs can learn new words in this way.
4. DGifted dogs can learn words from conversations that are not directed at them.

Learning by overhearing worked about as well as direct teaching から、自分に向けられていない会話からも学べると推測できるので D。対象は特別な犬だけなので C は言えない。

Q1. What is the main point of the passage?

1. AOrdinary family dogs can learn hundreds of words.
2. BDogs learn words faster than human children.
3. CSome rare dogs can learn object names by overhearing, as young children do.
4. DDirect teaching is useless for dogs.

第2文 some dogs can do the same（子どもと同じく盗み聞きで言葉を学べる）が主旨。対象は珍しい犬なので C。

Q2. What did the earlier study by the same group find?

1. AAll twenty family dogs learned the toy names.
2. BNone of twenty ordinary dogs learned toy names, even with direct teaching.
3. CGifted dogs could not learn by overhearing.
4. DDogs preferred to learn from children rather than adults.

none of twenty ordinary family dogs learned toy names even with direct teaching とあるので B。

Q3. Why does the author warn against comparing these dogs too closely to infants?

1. ABecause similar behavior does not prove that the same mental processes are involved.
2. BBecause infants cannot learn by overhearing.
3. CBecause the dogs were older than the infants.
4. DBecause the experiment was done in a laboratory.

最終文 behavioral similarity to infants does not necessarily mean that the same mental processes are involved とあるので A。実験は家庭で行われたので D は誤り。