Q1. What is the passage mainly about?

1. AWhy tests are scary
2. BHow taking a test before studying can help learning
3. CHow to read science books faster
4. DWhy guessing is always wrong

勉強する前にテストを受けると学習に役立つ（事前テスト効果）がテーマなので B。

Q2. How did the students do on the questions before reading?

1. AThey got most answers wrong.
2. BThey got every answer right.
3. CThey did not answer any questions.
4. DThey answered only easy questions.

they got most answers wrong とあるので A。

Q3. In this passage, "guess" means ...

1. Ato read again
2. Bto write neatly
3. Cto forget the answer
4. Dto give an answer when you are not sure

guess は「推測する」。確信がないまま答えを考えることなので D。

Q1. On which information was the pretesting effect especially strong?

1. AInformation that was never mentioned
2. BInformation about the students' hobbies
3. CInformation in a different book
4. DInformation that had been asked about in the pretest

especially on the information that had been asked about とあるので D。

Q2. Which of the following is given as a way the pretest works?

1. AIt makes the passage shorter.
2. BIt makes you notice the answers while reading.
3. CIt gives you the answers in advance.
4. DIt reduces the time spent reading.

it makes you notice the answers while reading とあるので B。

Q3. What did the 2021 study suggest?

1. APretests are useless for adults.
2. BOnly tests after learning are helpful.
3. CPretests can be as helpful as tests taken after learning.
4. DPeople should never guess answers.

pretests helped as much as, or sometimes more than, tests taken after learning とあるので C。

Q1. What evidence supports the idea that pretest questions direct attention?

1. APrequestions helped only when participants remembered them.
2. BStudents read faster after the pretest.
3. CStudents who guessed correctly learned less.
4. DMultiple-choice tests were harmful.

In support of this, one study found that prequestions helped only when participants remembered them. とあるので A。

Q2. According to the second explanation, why does guessing help?

1. AIt makes the test shorter.
2. BIt removes the need to read the passage.
3. CIt activates related knowledge and creates a framework for the correct answer.
4. DIt makes students more confident about wrong answers.

making a guess activates related knowledge, which gives the correct answer a framework to fit into とあるので C。

Q3. Which of the following is mentioned as a limitation of the pretesting effect?

1. AIt works only with multiple-choice questions.
2. BMaterial not asked about in the pretest gains little or nothing.
3. CIt has never been tested with university students.
4. DIt harms long-term memory.

Material that the pretest did not ask about gains little or nothing とあるので B。選択式でも短答式でも効いたので A は誤り。